Varietal choice in agriculture

Saving seeds for replanting exposes the farmer to results that can be quickly disappointing, as seed vitality is not eternal and farmers cannot avoid cross-breeding with other wild varieties or even genetic erosion.

Many harvested seeds do not last beyond one season. Tomato seeds lose half their viability after one year. Farmers have found that sweet corn loses about a quarter of its viability each year (1). One of the benefits of modern agriculture is that farmers do not have to store seeds as their ancestors did, who often ended up with degenerate varieties. We can order selected seeds from seed companies and plant them when they are fresh at their best.

The technique of gene transfer has made it possible to obtain a now well-known variety of cereal crops, triticale, obtained by crossing wheat and rye, which is now widely grown in organic farming.

The hybrid forms of tomatoes that have appeared in recent years and are grown in the field have resulted in significant resistance to two recurrent diseases, downy mildew and alternaria. These advances result in a significant reduction in fungal treatments while increasing yields without loss of taste.

F1 hybrids are the first generation of a cross between two genetically very different but compatible varieties. F1 hybrids are sometimes despised because they degrade in the second generation and because their use leads to dependence of the gardener on the seed company. The commercialisation of any new variety requires years of research and a significant investment cost that a farmer, let alone a home gardener, cannot afford. Discriminating against these seeds on ideological grounds means not using scientific advances that have a major impact on environmental protection and the reduction of plant protection products.

Regulations on the sale of registered seed.

It seems that in order to preserve biodiversity and not be dependent on seed producers, every citizen should have the freedom to buy non-approved seeds. This is what some associations and NGOs claiming to be part of the organic movement are demanding. In french a farmer who sells tomato seeds that are not registered in an official catalogue at a market is liable to a fine of €250. The regulation on the sale of seeds would be imposed on us to protect the interests of the big seed companies and it would be forbidden to sell seeds of old varieties.

In reality, anyone can sell old or patented seeds provided they are declared and the characteristics of the seeds are recognised and verifiable. This law was put in place to protect the farmer, the individual and the seed companies. It prevents a variety from being sold under different names or the same name being used for different varieties without the buyer being able to verify the authenticity of the seed.

There are those who claim that farmers' seeds are better adapted to the land and have more taste. More than 40 years ago, I used peasant varieties very often. Like many gardeners, I gradually abandoned them for several reasons:

Some remarks on organic seeds.

Organic farmers do not always use organic seed. If they cannot find enough certified organic seed for their needs, they can use conventionally grown seed and still label their crops as organic. Furthermore, organic seed does not mean that the mother plant has not been treated, as in organic farming pesticides are registered to protect the seed against certain pests. For example, it is practically impossible to prevent bean seeds from being infected by bruchid (bean weevil larvae or Acanthoscelides obtectus that burrow into bean seeds) without the use of a pesticide (pyrethrin, neem oil...) against this pest.

Protection of farmers and individuals :

For seed producers, on-the-spot checks are carried out to ensure that 'the variety multiplied corresponds to that expected and has a sufficient level of purity, that weed species and seed pests are absent within the lowest limits' (3).

The seller must also be declared so that the administration can check from time to time what he is producing and selling. To this end, the seeds must be placed in packages specifying the species sold under its botanical name, the batch number, etc., so that any inspector can check their authenticity. Of course, this regulation also protects the seller who claims to have certified varieties against possible dishonest competitors who refuse to declare themselves.

Protection of producers of new varieties :

For research to progress, it needs to be funded, and for farmers looking for new disease-resistant varieties, there needs to be an annually updated catalogue. Research in agronomy is very expensive and is mainly carried out by companies with a large budget or by INRA. Part of the profits of seed suppliers is reinvested in research to produce more competitive, higher yielding and better quality varieties. Farmers have the right to replant about 20 patented, self-replicating seeds (called farm-saved seeds) provided they pay a fee. Paying this fee is remuneration for research from which they have already benefited. This remuneration is comparable to copyright protected by the SACEM. Using self-replicating seeds protected by a patent is equivalent to remuneration for the dissemination of an artistic work.

But why insist on going back to old varieties? In both integrated and organic farming, the main aim is to reduce the use of pesticides by favouring plants that are more resistant to disease. For example, many modern tomato varieties, especially F1 hybrids, are resistant to verticillium wilt. Tomato names ending with VNF are resistant to Verticillium, Nematodes, root-knots and Fusarium (such as the F1 Pomona VFN tomato from Baumaux seeds, the F1 VFN beef heart tomato). Courgette AF1 is known for its good taste, excellent productivity and good disease resistance. In cucurbits, spectacular progress has been made against plant pathogenic viruses and fungi when hybrids have been introduced to the market.